The Colonial Exchange
Words that crossed with empires
Colonialism left scars — and words. These traveled on ships of conquest, becoming part of languages they never chose.
2910
Words
921
Languages
6
Themes
Related themes
Latin222
Old English151
Greek
108French97
Spanish86
Arabic82
English64
Malay50
Italian45
Nahuatl42
Dutch40
Persian37
German31
Hindi30
Quechua29
Tamil28
Russian23
Swahili23
Japanese21
Yoruba19
Turkish18
Tagalog18
Sanskrit18
Māori18
Dharug16
Zulu15
Basque13
Korean12
Amharic12
Tibetan11
Yiddish11
Thai10
Tupi10
Latin (from Greek)
8Javanese
6Hindi/Urdu from Persian
5Maori
5Modern Latin, named for a person
5Brazilian Portuguese
5Guaraní
5Malay/Javanese
4Sanskrit/Hindi
4Hindi from Sanskrit
4English (uncertain origin)
4English from Taíno
4Spanish from Latin
4Italian (from Latin)
4Chinese
4Hindi / Sanskrit
4Dharug (Australian Aboriginal)
4English from Latin
4English from Swahili (Bantu)
4English (origin uncertain)
4Lao4
Khmer
4Mapudungun
4English from Arabic
3Hindi/Marathi
3Kimbundu (Angola)
3Afrikaans from Dutch
3Arabic via Spanish
3Spanish (from Latin)
3Tahitian
3Greek (modern coinage)
3Middle Dutch / Low German
3Portuguese / Spanish
3Low German / Dutch
3Rapa Nui
3Hindi (from Sanskrit)
3Latin from Greek
3English from French
3French (from Latin)
3Dharug (Aboriginal Australian)
3Nyungar (Aboriginal Australian)
3Javanese / Malay
3Turkic
3Latin (via Old French)
3English (place name)
3Aymara
3English (compound)
3Tagalog (Filipino)
3English (American)
3Fijian
3Oromo
3Swahili from Arabic
2English from Hindi
2English from Dutch
2Spanish/Portuguese
2Taíno via Spanish
2Hindi/Urdu
2Nahuatl (Aztec)
2Taino/Arawak
2Taino
2English (eponym)
2French (place name)
2Italian from Latin
2English from Quechua
2Spanish (diminutive)
2Italian (Venetian)
2Afrikaans (from Dutch)
2Old Persian
2Yagara
2English (personal name)
2Hindi/Urdu from Sanskrit
2English from Hindi (place name)
2Ojibwe (Algonquian)
2Narragansett (Algonquian)
2Powhatan (Algonquian)
2Vietnamese (from French)
2Amharic / Ge'ez
2Romani (from Sanskrit)
2Arabic/Persian
2English (surname)
2Thai from Sanskrit
2Spanish from Quechua
2Powhatan Algonquian (Virginia)
2Malay / Indonesian
2Tupi (via Portuguese)
2Hawaiian / Proto-Polynesian
2Turkish / Persian
2Italian via French
2French from Latin
2Old French from Latin
2Latin/English
2Arabic / Urdu
2Malayalam / Tamil
2English (nautical)
2Swahili (from Arabic)
2Middle Low German
2Babylonian (Akkadian)
2Romani-influenced English
2Greek via Latin
2English from Old English
2Brazilian Portuguese from Tupi
2Spanish / Portuguese
2Australian Aboriginal
2French zoological usage from an African source
2Urdu
2Spanish from Taíno
2Akan
2Malagasy
2Igbo
2Old French (from Latin)
2Akan (Twi)
2Ga (Ghanaian)
2Burmese
2Latin (modern coinage)
2Samoan
2English (disputed)
2Maltese
2Pashto
2Haitian Creole
2Quechua/Aymara
2Marshallese
2Algonquian
2English (South African)
2Zulu (South African)
2English from multiple origins
1English from Nahuatl
1English from Tahitian/Samoan
1English from Tongan
1English from Dharug (Aboriginal Australian)
1English from Persian/Hindi-Urdu
1English from Hokkien Chinese
1English from Arabic/Persian/Sanskrit
1Taíno/Arawakan
1Yiddish from Hebrew
1Kongo/Kikongo
1Quechua via Spanish
1Hungarian from Serbian/Croatian from Latin
1Igbo (West African)
1Mongolic/Turkic
1Sanskrit via Hindi
1Tamil/Malayalam
1Hindi/Gujarati
1Urdu/Persian
1Hindi/Bengali
1Persian from Mongol
1Turkic/Mongol via Russian
1Persian via Hindi
1Norwegian from Old Norse
1American English (disputed African origin)
1Swahili (via an elephant's name)
1Fon/Ewe (West African)
1Kimbundu (Angolan)
1Mandinka (West African)
1Gullah (from West African languages)
1Turkic (via Russian)
1Tamil/Hindi
1English (possibly from Wolof)
1Cantonese/Portuguese
1Tungusic (Evenki)
1Portuguese (from Chinese/Sanskrit)
1Russian (from Slavic)
1Dutch (from Old Norse)
1Kongo/Spanish
1Lese (DRC)
1Bantu (various)
1Portuguese from Hindi/Bengali
1Greek from Phoenician
1Portuguese from Greek
1Greek from Hebrew/Sanskrit
1Medieval Latin/Italian
1Sanskrit via Persian and Arabic
1Spanish from Nahuatl
1Arabic (possibly from West African Wolof)
1German from Latin
1Spanish/Portuguese from Provençal/Germanic
1Portuguese/Spanish
1French from Tupi
1Italian/Basque
1Old French from Latin/Greek
1English from Quechua/Mapudungun
1English from Taíno/Arawakan
1English from Quechua/Aymara
1Spanish/Río de la Plata
1English from Japanese
1English from Arabic/Turkish/Persian
1English from Arabic/Berber
1English from Swahili/Spanish
1Tibetan/Nepali
1English from Malay
1Japanese from Portuguese
1Greek from Turkish
1Portuguese via Indian English
1Latin via theology
1Valencian/Catalan
1Arabic via Turkish/Persian
1Hindi/Urdu from Arabic
1Tupi via Portuguese
1Mayan (possibly via Spanish)
1Malay (onomatopoeia)
1Persian via Hindi/Urdu
1Portuguese (possibly from Hindi बरांडा)
1Malayalam (from Calicut)
1Persian via Turkish
1Spanish via West African languages
1Tagalog / Malay
1Kalaallisut (Greenlandic Inuit)
1Medieval Italian
1Venetian Italian
1Sicilian/Italian
1German (Swiss dialect)
1Sinhala (via Portuguese/Spanish)
1Hindi (from Sanskrit via Portuguese)
1Dutch (via Spanish and French)
1West African (Mande languages, via French)
1Mande (West African)
1English (from Crimean place name)
1Arabic (possibly from Greek)
1American English (Italian-American slang)
1Spanish (from a literary character)
1Sanskrit (via Portuguese and Persian)
1Spanish (from Carib/Taino)
1Latin (from Germanic tribal name)
1Greek (from Hebrew qanna'im)
1French (from German/Dutch)
1English (from a surname)
1Greek (from Carian name)
1French / Italian
1German (surname)
1Ottoman Turkish / Arabic
1Arabic / Persian / Turkish
1Sanskrit/Persian
1Latin/Italian
1Bantu (Kongo)
1Kimbundu / Haitian Creole
1Welsh English
1Nenets (via Russian)
1French/West African
1Algonquian (Powhatan/Renápe)
1English (acronym)
1Old Church Slavonic
1Gaulish / Old Celtic
1Dutch/Middle Dutch
1Persian / Hindustani
1Persian / Old Iranian
1Gaulish via Latin
1Middle English / Old French
1English (neologism)
1French from Franco-Provençal
1Afrikaans from Portuguese
1English (from Hindi/Persian)
1Akan (Asante/Ghana)
1Scottish English (possibly Old French)
1French (from Cambrai)
1Late Latin (from Gaulish)
1Italian (Florentine)
1English (origin disputed)
1French/Italian (origin debated)
1French (personal name)
1Gascon French
1Urdu / Persian
1Cree
1Guaraní / Quechua
1Tswana (Setswana)
1Yoruba (via Hausa)
1Shona
1African American English (from Wolof)
1Old French (from Medieval Latin)
1English (from Middle English barre)
1Greek (coined 1788)
1Arabic (probable origin)
1Italian (from a Roman noble family name)
1New Latin (named 1789, for Louis Antoine de Bougainville)
1Greek (from akis, a point or thorn)
1New Latin (named 1753, for Georg Josef Kamel)
1New Latin (named 1821, for Stamford Raffles)
1Urdu/Hindi from Persian
1English (scientific portmanteau)
1Dutch / Portuguese
1Portuguese (from Malay)
1Portuguese (from Fiot/Bantu)
1Portuguese (from West African)
1Pali / Sanskrit
1French (from Swiss dialect)
1Tibetan / Dzongkha
1Serbian/South Slavic
1Scottish Gaelic / Irish
1Old Irish
1Irish English
1Ukrainian/Turkic
1Massachusett (Algonquian)
1Massachusett / Narragansett (Algonquian)
1Mi'kmaq (Algonquian)
1Algonquian (Virginia Algonquian)
1Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan)
1Papuan Malay (via Malay)
1Tswana (Bantu)
1Zulu/Xhosa
1Khoikhoi (via Afrikaans)
1Samoan / Proto-Polynesian
1Ottoman Turkish / Urdu (from Arabic)
1Ottoman Turkish / Persian
1Hungarian (personal name)
1Polish / Turkic origin
1English (disputed: possibly from Hungarian bocskai)
1Hokkien Chinese via Japanese
1Dutch / Middle Dutch
1Middle Dutch / Old Norse
1Malay (place name)
1Malay (from Tupi via Portuguese)
1Hindi / Malay
1Anglo-Indian English (from British slang, adopted into Hindi)
1Urdu / Hindi (from Persian, from Arabic)
1Urdu / Persian (from Arabic)
1Tamil / Sanskrit (via Portuguese)
1Hindi / Urdu (hybrid of English + Arabic)
1Spanish (from Basque)
1Spanish (from Chincha, Quechua)
1Spanish (possibly from Portuguese or Khoikhoi)
1Mexican Spanish (from Nahuatl)
1Spanish (origin disputed)
1Old Welsh / Common Brythonic
1Cornish / Brythonic
1Cornish / Middle Welsh
1Cornish / Old Welsh
1Welsh / Common Brythonic
1Cornish / Brythonic substrate
1Welsh / Brythonic Celtic
1English (origin obscure)
1French (from the Tatar peoples)
1English via Arabic
1Hindi via English
1English (from Madras, India)
1English via Spanish
1Nyulnyul / Gangulu (Australian Aboriginal)
1Yuwaalaraay (Australian Aboriginal)
1Noongar (Australian Aboriginal)
1Yagara (Australian Aboriginal)
1Middle Low German / Dutch
1New Latin (from German)
1English from Portuguese from Khmer
1Filipino Spanish / Tagalog
1Italian/Spanish
1Spanish (Colombian)
1Spanish (Dominican)
1Chinook Jargon / English
1Hausa / Twi
1German / Latin
1Arabic (from Egyptian)
1Ancient Egyptian (via Latin)
1English from Dutch/German via French
1English from French from Latin
1English from Spanish or French
1English from Swahili from Arabic
1English from Ga (Ghana)
1English from Swahili from Arabic from Akkadian
1English from Afrikaans
1English from Zulu / Tsonga (Bantu)
1Abkhazian
1Modern Latin from Greek
1English from Medieval Latin
1Romani (from Sanskrit/Hindi)
1Romani (from Ossetic/Iranian)
1Romani (via Persian)
1English from Middle French from Latin
1English from Old French from Latin
1Dravidian (Tamil/Malayalam)
1Mycenaean Greek (Linear B)
1Cariban (via Caribbean Spanish)
1Persian (Farsi)
1Akkadian / Sumerian tradition
1Akkadian (from Sumerian gi)
1French (surname)
1Scottish (surname)
1Thai from Pali/Sanskrit
1Thai from Malay
1Lao/Thai (Isaan)
1Catalan / Occitan
1French (possibly Frankish)
1French (from Turkish)
1Latin (from Semitic)
1Chinese Pidgin English
1Spanish (from Portuguese crioulo)
1Louisiana French (from Spanish la ñapa, from Quechua yapay)
1Louisiana Creole (from Provençal jambalaia, influenced by West African and Spanish)
1Italian (from Arabic lisān al-Faranī)
1Provençal/Italian/Arabic (< Latin sapere)
1Jamaican Creole (from Bube dupe or related Bantu/Igbo forms)
1Jamaican Creole (from Igbo/Twi/West African, possibly from Hebrew via Arabic)
1Caribbean Creole (Trinidad, Guyana, St. Vincent — from Kikongo nzambi or related Bantu)
1Trinidad Creole (origin disputed: West African kaiso, or possibly French Caribbean créole)
1Spanish (from Caribbean origin, possibly Arawakan)
1Carib
1English (early modern, from Dutch or Low German)
1English (Caribbean colonial)
1English naval slang
1Turkish place name
1Latin place name
1Old Norse place name
1Latin from Greek (Phasis, Colchis)
1Latin from Greek (Sardinia)
1Arabic / French place name
1Akkadian / Hebrew place name
1English from Mahlemut (Inupiaq people name)
1Portuguese, from Sanskrit/Gujarati tānkī
1French from Old French
1Spanish (from duen de casa)
1Spanish (sobre + mesa)
1Spanish (origin disputed; possibly Tertullian)
1Spanish (quince + años + -era)
1Spanish (tele + novela)
1Spanish (vaca + -ero)
1Spanish (from Latin mixtus)
1Spanish (correr + de + toro)
1Spanish (from Quechua or Mapuche; origin disputed)
1Spanish (pasar + -eo)
1Lakota (Siouan)
1Natick (Massachusetts Algonquian)
1Narragansett Algonquian (New England)
1English place name
1Italian (from Medieval Latin)
1Wiradjuri (Aboriginal Australian)
1Yuwaalaraay (Aboriginal Australian)
1Jagera / Turrbal (Aboriginal Australian)
1Wemba-Wemba (Aboriginal Australian)
1Irish (place name)
1Welsh / Celtic
1Celtic / Old French
1Irish (Gaelic)
1Irish / Scottish Gaelic
1Malay (via Persian)
1Old Norse / Old Swedish
1Low German / Scandinavian
1Russian (from Turkic)
1Yiddish (from Hebrew)
1Temne / Mandinka
1Kikongo / Kimbundu
1Gullah / Wolof
1Bantu (Shona / regional)
1Persian (via Latin)
1Persian (via Old French)
1Persian (via Dutch and Low German)
1Algonquian (via Spanish)
1Tupi (via Portuguese/French)
1Uncertain (possibly Mayan/Arawak)
1Nahuatl (via Spanish)
1Rumsen Ohlone
1Turkish / Arabic
1Turkish / Italian
1Nigerian English
1Ghanaian English
1Louisiana Creole French
1Ancient Egyptian/Greek
1Okinawan / Japanese
1French (from a person's name)
1Old English via Old Norse
1Arabic (place name)
1Chinese (Mandarin chá / Hokkien te)
1Chinese (Cantonese/Pidgin English)
1Cantonese
1Chinese (Hokkien/Cantonese via Pidgin English)
1Chinese (Hokkien/Cantonese)
1Tibetan (via Balti)
1Old Turkic / Mongolian
1Turkic / Mongolian
1Old English (from Proto-Germanic)
1Hindi (via Persian, from Chinese)
1Guarani (via Spanish)
1Arabic / Persian / Turkish (via French)
1German (from Czech)
1Japanese (from Chinese)
1Dutch/Greek
1Arabic / Persian / Urdu
1Persian / Urdu
1Tamil / Sanskrit
1Russian / Caucasian
1Middle English / Germanic
1Scandinavian / Middle English
1Old Norse / Scandinavian
1English (from Inuit/Cree contact)
1Arabic from Greek from Akkadian
1Latin from Mesopotamian technology
1Latin from ancient Near Eastern trade
1English (coined from Tanzania)
1Latin (from Gaulish)
1English dialectal
1Portuguese/Latin
1Middle English / Old Norse
1French/Latin
1Javanese/Indonesian
1Filipino (Tagalog)
1Thai/Lao
1Hokkien (Min Nan Chinese)
1Amharic / Tigrinya
1Amharic (via Italian)
1Tigrinya / Amharic
1English from Latin via Arabic
1Wolof via French
1Hindi (patti) via British India
1Old French via medieval Latin via Byzantine Greek
1Afar / East African
1Swahili (from English)
1Lithuanian (also Latvian: dziesma)
1Portuguese (from Kimbundu/Bantu)
1Spanish (Peruvian)
1Turkish (from Persian)
1Mandinka / Dyula (West Africa)
1English from Tamil via French
1Italian / French
1English from Latin tuberosa
1French from Latin and Greek
1Arabic (for Egyptian concept)
1Greek (via French)
1English from Middle Low German
1English from Portuguese mangue
1Brazilian Portuguese / Spanish
1Brazilian Portuguese from Bantu
1Spanish/Basque
1Gascon/Basque
1English from Latin from Proto-Indo-European
1English from Greek via Arabic
1Late Greek / Medieval French
1English from French, from Italian
1English from French, possibly from Spanish or Arabic
1Russian (from Kabardian/Nart languages)
1Dutch (place name)
1English from Old French / Latin
1Spanish from indigenous (Cumanagoto / Timoto-Cuica)
1Gujarati via Portuguese and English
1Fula / West African Creole
1Middle Low German / Scots
1Kabi Kabi
1Navajo
1Spanish from Indigenous American languages
1Spanish from a Philippine place name
1Twi1
Guarani
1Chichewa
1Congolese French
1English from Chinook Jargon
1Maghrebi Arabic
1English from Faroese
1Shawnee
1Lushootseed
1Lingala
1Guernésiais
1Lepcha
1Rioplatense Spanish
1Bugis
1Maguindanaon
1Galibi Carib
1Chukchi
1Duala
1Tswana
1Aboriginal Australian
1Australian Aboriginal (Nyungar)
1Nyungar
1Hopi
1Algonquian (Eastern)
1Narragansett
1Bulgarian
1Abenaki
1Halkomelem
1Algonquian (Virginia)
1Chinook Jargon (from Native American sources)
1Medieval Latin from French
1Byzantine Greek
1Old French (from Latin milium)
1Old English (from Proto-Germanic *kurną)
1Old French (from Latin trulla)
1German (via Swiss German)
1Middle English (compound)
1New Latin (from Greek tēle + skopeîn)
1New Latin (from Greek thermós + métron)
1English (from Latin ad + rēnālis)
1Latin (from praecēdere, to go before)
1French (from camarade, roommate)
1Old English (from Proto-Germanic *habukaz)
1Old French (from Latin aquila)
1Old English (from niht + galan)
1Old English (from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ)
1English (compound, possibly from German/Dutch)
1Old English (from Proto-Germanic *utraz)
1Medieval Latin (from Greek telos)
1English (from Guinea, West Africa)
1Arabic (from Latin denarius)
1Latin (through Old French sergent)
1Italian (from Latin caballus)
1Italian (from battaglia, 'battle')
1Old French (from Latin traditio)
1French (from Spanish estacada, from estaca, 'stake')
1Latin (possibly from Celtic or Spanish)
1Vulgar Latin (possibly from Latin mateola, 'mallet')
1French (from Latin corium, 'leather')
1English (waist + coat)
1English (from Milan, Italy)
1Old French (from Frankish *wrist, 'a band')
1Spanish/Portuguese (possibly from Latin calamellus, 'little reed')
1French (from fondre, 'to melt')
1Cypriot Greek (possibly from Arabic ḥallūm)
1Italian (origin debated; possibly from mascarpa, 'ricotta')
1French (named after Louis de Béchameil, Marquis de Nointel)
1French (meaning 'from Holland')
1French (named after the Duke of Mirepoix)
1French (from Spanish marinada, from marinar, 'to pickle in brine')
1French (from Calvados, a department in Normandy)
1Greek (via Latin dioecesis)
1Latin (from libare, 'to pour')
1Old French (uncertain)
1French (disputed)
1English (multiple origins)
1Dutch / Middle English
1Greek (via Italian and French)
1Old Norse (via Scots)
1English (calque from German)
1Spanish (via French)
1Old English (Germanic)
1Old English (sibb + -ling)
1Old French (from Middle Dutch/Germanic)
1Gaulish (Celtic)
1French (from Latin quartus)
1English (American, origin unknown)
1Old French (from Latin bajulare)
1Italian (from bandire, 'to banish')
1Italian (contra + bando, 'against the ban')
1German (Pennsylvania Dutch dialect)
1German (from the name Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit)
1Italian (from Latin umbra, 'shadow')
1Italian (from Latin gustus, 'taste')
1Italian (from Latin muttum, 'a grunt')
1Latin (via Portuguese pidgin in China)
1Portuguese (from Malay/Sanskrit)
1Italian (Tuscan)
1French (from Wolof foño)
1Yoruba / Pidgin English (West African)
1Kikongo (Bantu)
1West African Pidgin English (from Portuguese palavra)
1Tsotsitaal (South African township slang)
1Xhosa / Zulu
1South African English (origin debated, possibly Shona/Ndebele)
1Makonde (Bantu)
1Zulu / Xhosa
1Indonesian / Malay
1Malay / Indonesian (from Pandanus)
1Algonquian (Ojibwe/Cree)
1Halkomelem (Salish)
1English/Scottish Gaelic (adopted by Indigenous North Americans)
1Spanish (from Nahuatl metatl)
1Spanish (from Nahuatl centzontli)
1English (from Old English bolster)
1English (from Anglo-French hanaper, from hanap)
1English (from Old French fausset, from fausser)
1English (from Middle Dutch wagenschot)
1Greek (coined 1866)
1English (from Greek poly + German Ester)
1French (from German + French)
1German (toponym)
1French (from Dutch)
1Ancient Greek (modern coinage)
1Medieval Latin (from Celtic)
1Greek (from Hebrew)
1Spanish (from Latin/Arabic)
1Italian (from Arabic)
1English (American slang)
1Odia
1English (American, possibly from chemise)
1Portuguese (Brazilian)
1French (Old French, from Germanic)
1English (possibly Irish English)
1Frankish / Medieval Latin
1Middle Dutch / Middle High German
1Dutch / German
1Greek (from Persian)
1Hindi (from Sanskrit valayin)
1French (from Breton bizou)
1Old English (from Proto-Germanic *dillaz)
1Latin (from Greek khairéphyllon)
1English (from Medieval Latin grana paradisi)
1Latin (from Greek týrris)
1Old French (from Latin baiulāre: to enclose)
1French (from Italian scarpa: slope)
1Middle English (from Middle Dutch lūpen: to peer)
1Middle English (origin uncertain)
1Low German / Middle Dutch
1Latin (from facere: to do, to make)
1Latin / Proto-Germanic
1Latin/Polish (coined term)
1Māori (Aotearoa/New Zealand)
1Wolof (Senegal)
1Serbian/Bosnian from Turkish
1Yup'ik and Inupiaq
1Mandinka (Mande languages, West Africa)
1Galician
1Germanic/Latin
1English (based on Tibetan Shambhala)
1Spanish (Andalusian/Romani)
1Greek + Latin hybrid
1English acronym
1Igbo (Nnobi)
1Serbian-American (eponym)
1Fijian from Proto-Oceanic
1Igbo (Central Africa)
1Hungarian from possibly Slavic
1Hausa/Fulani
1Catalan
1Hausa from West African languages
1Cherokee
1Italian via Maltese
1Kurdish
1Uzbek (from Persian)
1Lakota
1Greek/English
1Haitian Creole/Fon
1Guadeloupean Creole
1Aymara/Quechua
1Rapa Nui/Polynesian
1K'iche' Maya
1Sámi
1Latin/Greek
1Tongan/Polynesian
1Kiribati
1Russian from Yakut
1Afro-Uruguayan from Kikongo/Kimbundu
1Modern Latin hybrid
1Pitjantjatjara (Australian Aboriginal language)
1Uruguayan Spanish
1River Plate Spanish
1Pipil (Nahuatl variant)
1Arabic (via Berber)
1Arabic (via Libyan-Tunisian)
1Spanish (Mexican colloquial)
1French (origin disputed)
1English/Latin
1Algonquian (Mohegan-Pequot)
1Muscogean / Spanish
1Arabic (probable)
1Arabic / Hindi
1Arabic / Persian
1Sanskrit / Hindi
1Kikongo / Spanish
1French Antillean Creole
1Kimbundu / Portuguese
1Ewe (Ghana/Togo)
1Yoruba (Nigeria)
1French / Arabic
1Middle English / uncertain
1Latin/French
1English (slang)
1Zulu/Ndebele
1Zulu/Sotho (South African urban)
1Maranao / Maguindanao (Filipino)
1Tausug / Yakan (Philippines)
1English (of Malay technical origin)
1Syriac → Persian
1Italian-American
1French from Uzbek
1English from Italian
1Dutch/uncertain
1French (from Galibi)
1Latin (New Latin)
1New Latin (from Greek)
1French (Provençal)
1Scots English
1Japanese (from Dutch)
1Malayalam / English
1Urdu / Hindi / Persian
1Arabic / English
1Javanese/Malay
1Malay/Indonesian
1Latin from Aramaic
1Arabic from Chinese
1French from Indian trade
1Bengali / Odia from Sanskrit
1Sanskrit via Arabic
1Old English from Proto-Germanic
1Pali1